TP1.mw

TP1: Les dérivées de sqrt(`+`(`*`(`^`(x, 2)), `-`(1))) 

Q1. Les dix premières dérivées et la forme générale 

> for i to 10 do i,normal(diff(sqrt(x^2-1),x$i)) od;
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1, `/`(`*`(x), `*`(`^`(`+`(`*`(`^`(x, 2)), `-`(1)), `/`(1, 2))))
2, `+`(`-`(`/`(1, `*`(`^`(`+`(`*`(`^`(x, 2)), `-`(1)), `/`(3, 2))))))
3, `+`(`/`(`*`(3, `*`(x)), `*`(`^`(`+`(`*`(`^`(x, 2)), `-`(1)), `/`(5, 2)))))
4, `+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(3, `*`(`+`(`*`(4, `*`(`^`(x, 2))), 1))), `*`(`^`(`+`(`*`(`^`(x, 2)), `-`(1)), `/`(7, 2))))))
5, `+`(`/`(`*`(15, `*`(x, `*`(`+`(`*`(4, `*`(`^`(x, 2))), 3)))), `*`(`^`(`+`(`*`(`^`(x, 2)), `-`(1)), `/`(9, 2)))))
6, `+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(45, `*`(`+`(`*`(8, `*`(`^`(x, 4))), `*`(12, `*`(`^`(x, 2))), 1))), `*`(`^`(`+`(`*`(`^`(x, 2)), `-`(1)), `/`(11, 2))))))
7, `+`(`/`(`*`(315, `*`(x, `*`(`+`(`*`(8, `*`(`^`(x, 4))), `*`(20, `*`(`^`(x, 2))), 5)))), `*`(`^`(`+`(`*`(`^`(x, 2)), `-`(1)), `/`(13, 2)))))
8, `+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(315, `*`(`+`(`*`(64, `*`(`^`(x, 6))), `*`(240, `*`(`^`(x, 4))), `*`(120, `*`(`^`(x, 2))), 5))), `*`(`^`(`+`(`*`(`^`(x, 2)), `-`(1)), `/`(15, 2))))))
9, `+`(`/`(`*`(2835, `*`(x, `*`(`+`(`*`(64, `*`(`^`(x, 6))), `*`(336, `*`(`^`(x, 4))), `*`(280, `*`(`^`(x, 2))), 35)))), `*`(`^`(`+`(`*`(`^`(x, 2)), `-`(1)), `/`(17, 2)))))
10, `+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(14175, `*`(`+`(`*`(128, `*`(`^`(x, 8))), `*`(896, `*`(`^`(x, 6))), `*`(1120, `*`(`^`(x, 4))), `*`(280, `*`(`^`(x, 2))), 7))), `*`(`^`(`+`(`*`(`^`(x, 2)), `-`(1)), `/`(19, 2))))))
 

Le degré du numérateur semble être `+`(n, `-`(2)) et l'exposant du dénominateur `+`(n, `-`(`/`(1, 2))). 

Q2. Le polynôme P[100] 

> normal(diff(sqrt(x^2-1),x$100));
 

`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(588971222367687651371627846346807888288472382883312574253249804256440585603406374176100610302040933304083276457607746124267578125, `*`(`+`(`*`(624201500345030994116895500700, `*`(`^`(x...
`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(588971222367687651371627846346807888288472382883312574253249804256440585603406374176100610302040933304083276457607746124267578125, `*`(`+`(`*`(624201500345030994116895500700, `*`(`^`(x...
`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(588971222367687651371627846346807888288472382883312574253249804256440585603406374176100610302040933304083276457607746124267578125, `*`(`+`(`*`(624201500345030994116895500700, `*`(`^`(x...
`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(588971222367687651371627846346807888288472382883312574253249804256440585603406374176100610302040933304083276457607746124267578125, `*`(`+`(`*`(624201500345030994116895500700, `*`(`^`(x...
`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(588971222367687651371627846346807888288472382883312574253249804256440585603406374176100610302040933304083276457607746124267578125, `*`(`+`(`*`(624201500345030994116895500700, `*`(`^`(x...
`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(588971222367687651371627846346807888288472382883312574253249804256440585603406374176100610302040933304083276457607746124267578125, `*`(`+`(`*`(624201500345030994116895500700, `*`(`^`(x...
`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(588971222367687651371627846346807888288472382883312574253249804256440585603406374176100610302040933304083276457607746124267578125, `*`(`+`(`*`(624201500345030994116895500700, `*`(`^`(x...
`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(588971222367687651371627846346807888288472382883312574253249804256440585603406374176100610302040933304083276457607746124267578125, `*`(`+`(`*`(624201500345030994116895500700, `*`(`^`(x...
`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(588971222367687651371627846346807888288472382883312574253249804256440585603406374176100610302040933304083276457607746124267578125, `*`(`+`(`*`(624201500345030994116895500700, `*`(`^`(x...
`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(588971222367687651371627846346807888288472382883312574253249804256440585603406374176100610302040933304083276457607746124267578125, `*`(`+`(`*`(624201500345030994116895500700, `*`(`^`(x...
`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(588971222367687651371627846346807888288472382883312574253249804256440585603406374176100610302040933304083276457607746124267578125, `*`(`+`(`*`(624201500345030994116895500700, `*`(`^`(x...
`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(588971222367687651371627846346807888288472382883312574253249804256440585603406374176100610302040933304083276457607746124267578125, `*`(`+`(`*`(624201500345030994116895500700, `*`(`^`(x...
`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(588971222367687651371627846346807888288472382883312574253249804256440585603406374176100610302040933304083276457607746124267578125, `*`(`+`(`*`(624201500345030994116895500700, `*`(`^`(x...
`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(588971222367687651371627846346807888288472382883312574253249804256440585603406374176100610302040933304083276457607746124267578125, `*`(`+`(`*`(624201500345030994116895500700, `*`(`^`(x...
`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(588971222367687651371627846346807888288472382883312574253249804256440585603406374176100610302040933304083276457607746124267578125, `*`(`+`(`*`(624201500345030994116895500700, `*`(`^`(x...
`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(588971222367687651371627846346807888288472382883312574253249804256440585603406374176100610302040933304083276457607746124267578125, `*`(`+`(`*`(624201500345030994116895500700, `*`(`^`(x...
`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(588971222367687651371627846346807888288472382883312574253249804256440585603406374176100610302040933304083276457607746124267578125, `*`(`+`(`*`(624201500345030994116895500700, `*`(`^`(x...
 

> p:=numer(%):
 

Q3. Une récurrence pour ses coefficients 

> S:=series(p,x,100):
 

> gfun:-seriestorec(S,u(k));
 

[{`+`(`*`(`+`(`-`(9603), `*`(196, `*`(k)), `-`(`*`(`^`(k, 2)))), `*`(u(`+`(k, 1)))), `*`(`+`(`*`(5, `*`(k)), 6, `*`(`^`(k, 2))), `*`(u(`+`(k, 3))))), u(0) = -750279021759096958933497038576096144516140...
[{`+`(`*`(`+`(`-`(9603), `*`(196, `*`(k)), `-`(`*`(`^`(k, 2)))), `*`(u(`+`(k, 1)))), `*`(`+`(`*`(5, `*`(k)), 6, `*`(`^`(k, 2))), `*`(u(`+`(k, 3))))), u(0) = -750279021759096958933497038576096144516140...
[{`+`(`*`(`+`(`-`(9603), `*`(196, `*`(k)), `-`(`*`(`^`(k, 2)))), `*`(u(`+`(k, 1)))), `*`(`+`(`*`(5, `*`(k)), 6, `*`(`^`(k, 2))), `*`(u(`+`(k, 3))))), u(0) = -750279021759096958933497038576096144516140...
 

Q4. Une récurrence pour les coefficients de P[n] 

> collect(op([1,1],%),u,factor);
 

`+`(`-`(`*`(`+`(k, `-`(97)), `*`(`+`(k, `-`(99)), `*`(u(`+`(k, 1)))))), `*`(`+`(k, 3), `*`(`+`(k, 2), `*`(u(`+`(k, 3))))))
 

> subs(k=k-1,%);
 

`+`(`-`(`*`(`+`(`-`(98), k), `*`(`+`(`-`(100), k), `*`(u(k))))), `*`(`+`(k, 2), `*`(`+`(k, 1), `*`(u(`+`(k, 2))))))
 

On intuite la forme générale suivante : 

> recn:={u(k+2)*(k+1)*(k+2)-(k-n)*(k-n+2)*u(k),u(0)=u0,u(1)=0};
 

{`+`(`*`(`+`(k, 2), `*`(`+`(k, 1), `*`(u(`+`(k, 2))))), `-`(`*`(`+`(k, `-`(n)), `*`(`+`(k, `-`(n), 2), `*`(u(k)))))), u(0) = u0, u(1) = 0}
 

Q5. La résoudre 

> co:=rsolve(recn,u(k));
 

piecewise(`::`(k, even), `+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(4, `*`(`^`(GAMMA(`+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(k)), `-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n))), 1)), 2), `*`(`^`(4, `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(k)))), `*`(u0)))), `*`(`+`(k, `-`(n)), `*`...
 

La formule ne convient pas pour n entier pair, il faut donc donner cette information supplémentaire : 

> assume(n::even,n>0);
 

> co:=rsolve(recn,u(k)) assuming  k::even;
 

`/`(`*`(`^`(2, `+`(`-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(k))))), `*`(product(`/`(`*`(`+`(`*`(2, `*`(l)), `-`(n), 2), `*`(`+`(`*`(2, `*`(l)), `-`(n)))), `*`(`+`(`*`(2, `*`(l)), 1))), l = 0 .. `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(k...
 

vérification : 

> eval(co,[n=100,k=10,u0=coeff(p,x,0)]);
 

-1231766133774010002595439320609439211311310591997798452953605266027517812957413161285880432743514577176657622698017863895978047118689200035051963410644531250000000000000
 

> %-coeff(p,x,10);
 

0
 

Q6. Conditions initiales 

> for i to 20 do c[i]:=coeff(numer(diff(sqrt(x^2-1),[x$i])),x,0) od;
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0
-1
0
-3
0
-45
0
-1575
0
-99225
0
-9823275
0
-1404728325
0
-273922023375
0
-69850115960625
0
-22561587455281875
 

> gfun:-listtorec([1,seq(c[i],i=1..20)],u0(n));
 

[{`+`(`*`(`+`(`*`(2, `*`(n)), `*`(`^`(n, 2))), `*`(u0(`+`(1, n)))), `-`(u0(`+`(n, 3)))), u0(0) = 1, u0(1) = 0, u0(2) = -1}, ogf]
 

> ini:=rsolve(op(1,%),u0(n));
 

`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(`^`(4, `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `*`(`^`(GAMMA(`+`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), 2))), `*`(`+`(`-`(1), n), `*`(Pi)))))
 

vérification : 

> eval(ini,n=100);
 

-75027902175909695893349703857609614451614034163331304647695607435539003863136602957898422372097291424737835010445235062818026149052338226497173309326171875
 

> %-coeff(p,x,0);
 

0
 

Q7. La formule générale conjecturée 

> sol:=subs(u0=ini,co);
 

`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(`^`(2, `+`(`-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(k))))), `*`(product(`/`(`*`(`+`(`*`(2, `*`(l)), `-`(n), 2), `*`(`+`(`*`(2, `*`(l)), `-`(n)))), `*`(`+`(`*`(2, `*`(l)), 1))), l = 0 .. `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2...
 

vérification : 

> eval(sol,[n=20,k=8]);
 

-2183239694872716480000
 

> %-coeff(numer(normal(diff(sqrt(x^2-1),x$20))),x,8);
 

0
 

La construction de P[n] à partir de ses coefficients ne fonctionne pas sans aide : 

> Pn:=sum(sol*x^k,k=0..n-2);
 

sum(`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(`^`(2, `+`(`-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(k))))), `*`(product(`/`(`*`(`+`(`*`(2, `*`(l)), `-`(n), 2), `*`(`+`(`*`(2, `*`(l)), `-`(n)))), `*`(`+`(`*`(2, `*`(l)), 1))), l = 0 .. `+`(`*`(`/`(...
 

> Pn:=sum(subs(k=2*m,sol)*x^(2*m),m=0..n/2-1);
 

`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(`^`(4, `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `*`(`^`(GAMMA(`+`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), 2), `*`(hypergeom([`+`(`-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `+`(`-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n))), 1)], [...
 

> resultat:=Pn/(x^2-1)^(n-1/2);
 

`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(`^`(4, `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `*`(`^`(GAMMA(`+`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), 2), `*`(hypergeom([`+`(`-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `+`(`-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n))), 1)], [...
 

vérification : 

> eval(resultat,n=10);
 

`+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(99225, `*`(hypergeom([-5, -4], [`/`(1, 2)], `*`(`^`(x, 2))))), `*`(`^`(`+`(`*`(`^`(x, 2)), `-`(1)), `/`(19, 2))))))
 

> simplify(%-diff(sqrt(x^2-1),x$10));
 

0
 

Q8. La preuve 

C'est une preuve par récurrence sur n. Pour n=0 : 

> eval(resultat,n=0);
 

`*`(`^`(`+`(`*`(`^`(x, 2)), `-`(1)), `/`(1, 2)))
 

Ensuite : 

> zero:=diff(resultat,x,x)-subs(n=n+2,resultat);
 

`+`(`/`(`*`(`/`(8, 3), `*`(`^`(4, `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `*`(`^`(GAMMA(`+`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), 2), `*`(n, `*`(`^`(`+`(`-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n))), 1), 2), `*`(`+`(2, `-`(`*`(`/...
`+`(`/`(`*`(`/`(8, 3), `*`(`^`(4, `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `*`(`^`(GAMMA(`+`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), 2), `*`(n, `*`(`^`(`+`(`-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n))), 1), 2), `*`(`+`(2, `-`(`*`(`/...
`+`(`/`(`*`(`/`(8, 3), `*`(`^`(4, `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `*`(`^`(GAMMA(`+`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), 2), `*`(n, `*`(`^`(`+`(`-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n))), 1), 2), `*`(`+`(2, `-`(`*`(`/...
`+`(`/`(`*`(`/`(8, 3), `*`(`^`(4, `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `*`(`^`(GAMMA(`+`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), 2), `*`(n, `*`(`^`(`+`(`-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n))), 1), 2), `*`(`+`(2, `-`(`*`(`/...
 

> expand(zero);
 

`+`(`/`(`*`(`/`(8, 3), `*`(`^`(4, `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `*`(`^`(GAMMA(`+`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), 2), `*`(`^`(n, 3), `*`(hypergeom([`+`(3, `-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `+`(2, `-`...
`+`(`/`(`*`(`/`(8, 3), `*`(`^`(4, `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `*`(`^`(GAMMA(`+`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), 2), `*`(`^`(n, 3), `*`(hypergeom([`+`(3, `-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `+`(2, `-`...
`+`(`/`(`*`(`/`(8, 3), `*`(`^`(4, `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `*`(`^`(GAMMA(`+`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), 2), `*`(`^`(n, 3), `*`(hypergeom([`+`(3, `-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `+`(2, `-`...
`+`(`/`(`*`(`/`(8, 3), `*`(`^`(4, `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `*`(`^`(GAMMA(`+`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), 2), `*`(`^`(n, 3), `*`(hypergeom([`+`(3, `-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `+`(2, `-`...
`+`(`/`(`*`(`/`(8, 3), `*`(`^`(4, `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `*`(`^`(GAMMA(`+`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), 2), `*`(`^`(n, 3), `*`(hypergeom([`+`(3, `-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `+`(2, `-`...
`+`(`/`(`*`(`/`(8, 3), `*`(`^`(4, `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `*`(`^`(GAMMA(`+`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), 2), `*`(`^`(n, 3), `*`(hypergeom([`+`(3, `-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `+`(2, `-`...
`+`(`/`(`*`(`/`(8, 3), `*`(`^`(4, `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `*`(`^`(GAMMA(`+`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), 2), `*`(`^`(n, 3), `*`(hypergeom([`+`(3, `-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `+`(2, `-`...
`+`(`/`(`*`(`/`(8, 3), `*`(`^`(4, `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `*`(`^`(GAMMA(`+`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), 2), `*`(`^`(n, 3), `*`(hypergeom([`+`(3, `-`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `+`(2, `-`...
 

> simplify(%);
 

0
 

Et voilà ! Nous avons découvert, puis prouvé, une formule générale pour la dérivée nième de à savoir 

> diff(sqrt(x^2-1),x$n)=resultat;
 

diff(`*`(`^`(`+`(`*`(`^`(x, 2)), `-`(1)), `/`(1, 2))), [`$`(x, n)]) = `+`(`-`(`/`(`*`(`^`(4, `+`(`*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), `*`(`^`(GAMMA(`+`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(`/`(1, 2), `*`(n)))), 2), `*`(hypergeom([`+`...
 

Cette formule est valable pour n pair. Le même genre de calcul donne le cas impair.